Today Avast told me it needed updating, so I let it (it's now 2015.10.2.2215).
Best is to perform a clean installation of the latest version. https://forum.avast.com/index.php?topic=169255.msg1203279#msg1203279
Why is it necessary to install new and obviously unreliable features by stealth, without asking the user
Only if you perform a default installation. You could have chosen for the custom installation. Which is advised to always.
to fancy AV features that the developers thought would be "cool", we just want to avoid infection with viruses and malware that come from external sources
That is what the NG is helping with.
If there was any sensible information about what "NG" or "DeepScan"
There is a lot of information on this webboard as well as on the avast blog website.
I wish I had been guided more proactively by the vendor to choose the right options
You could have done research yourself.