Hmm, the log looks really weird… can you post here the list of loaded kernel extensions?

sudo kextstat

As you have 10.7 Lion, there might be some pf firewall rules, can you post the output from pfctl?

sudo pfctl -s all

And finally, did you try to reboot the machine? If not, please try it and see, if it has not fixed the issue. If not, please attach again the system log entries.

grep proxy /var/log/system.log