If you remove ashMaiSv.exe from the allowed applications to connect the Internet and try to get email again, will your firewall ask for permission? Will it work, i.e., you can receive mail?
You got me - disabling the firewall obviously only disabled the network checks! After your proposal, I checked the blocked applications - and hey! ashMaiSv.exe was blocked! While I don't know how this happened, this (of course) was cause to the troubles. Problem resolved - thank you!
Is this correct? You're using 85.13.1xx.1yy at port 110?
Yes, this is correct (xx and yy are - of course - placeholders to hide some of the more private data).

Thanks again!